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Launcher Status Missile Indicator Panel (LSMIP) – Each column of lighted indicators displayed the current status of one Minuteman missile launch facility (underground silo.)
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Air Force Satellite Communications System (AFSATCOM)



The AFSATCOM provided command control communications for EAM dissemination, force direction, redirection, force report back, and Commander--In--Chief (CINC) intranetting and internetting. The AFSATCOM system operated in the UHF range utilizing orbiting satellite repeaters to provide for receipt and transmission of reliable long--distance digital messages.


Key Elements:


SATCOM Control Indicator (CI) Panel (Bottom left panel): The SATCOM CI provided operator interface through a small display and keypad to the modem, allowing the operator to enter configuration data and notifying the operator of network and modem operational status. In addition, the CI interfaced with the Time Standard Module (TSM) through a cover on the CI front panel from which the modem receives Time of Day (TOD), frequency initialization data, and system initialization data.


SACDIN AFSAT Switch (top right panel): The SACDIN/AFSATCOM switch Selected AFSATCOM message control/input/output position. In the SACDIN (Integrated) position, AFSATCOM messages were received and transmitted via the SACDIN equipment. In the AFSAT position, AFSATCOM messages are received and transmitted via the TRTT in practice it never worked well in the SACDIN role and was kept in the AFSATCOM position.


AFSATCOM EAM Alarm Panel (bottom right panel): The EAM alarm panel provided an alarm when an EAM was received and recognized by the SATCOM CI. The alarm consisted of an audible 3 kHz tone. The panel also contained a reset/test switch for testing the audible alarm and resetting the alarm after activation.


Tactical Record Teletypewriter (TRTT): The Tracor AN/UGC-129 Teletypewriter Set was the standard U.S. Air Force teletype terminal throughout the 1980s and 1990s. It was hosed in the AFSAT rack and installed at level so that the deputy could operate I and receive messages while still buckled into the operator chair in the EWO environment. The AN/UGC-129 is a nuclear-hardened, microprocessor-controlled full-duplex teletype with 8K of memory and 120cps printing speed. The TRTT AN/UGC-129 used on alerts was equipped with a high speed rotating type head and direct readout. The TRTT Teletype /Printer was used to printout Air Force Satellite Communications (AFSATCOM) Emergency Action Messages (EAMs) and was in constant operation throughout the alert. It was key to receiving printed messages that the crews would decode and take necessary actions.


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Communications Control Console



The communications control console is located midway along the right side of the LCC from the entrance. The console is a desk shaped electronics console, with a cutout provided for the keyboard-printer, and serves as the normal duty station for the Deputy Missile Combat Crew Commander (DMCCC). The console includes a telephone Transmitter control (TTC) panel, a Launch Enable Control Group LECG signal panel, and an IPD processor unit (collected squadron data and transfers it to the Strategic Missile Support Base (SMSB).



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Communications Control Console



The communications control console is located midway along the right side of the LCC from the entrance. The console is a desk shaped electronics console, with a cutout provided for the keyboard-printer, and serves as the normal duty station for the Deputy Missile Combat Crew Commander (DMCCC). The console includes a telephone Transmitter control (TTC) panel, a Launch Enable Control Group LECG signal panel, and an IPD processor unit (collected squadron data and transfers it to the Strategic Missile Support Base (SMSB).



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Digital Data Group



The digital data group serves as the signal conditioning interface between the squadron hardened cable SIN systems and the LCC command and control system. The digital data group rack contained a digital data transmitter two digital data receivers an audio frequency amplifier a, station alerting unit, and a missile away indicator.



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Flight Display Panel



Besides containing the cradle for the telephone handset, this panel was used for selecting which flight of ten LFs to display on the LSMIP. The crew normally had their primary flight of 10 LFs selected but could switch at any time to any of the other flights in order to check their status. This panel also contained the audible alarm reset button…audible alarms were a constant stimulus in the launch control center. Any change in missile status generated an audible alarm.








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HF Transceiver Panel



This panel was used to set or change the frequency monitored for the High Frequency (HF) radio system. HF was a back-up means of receiving voice EAMs and was expected to be used in the event that SAC headquarters was destroyed and PAS was no longer available for receipt of EAMs.



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Keyboard-Printer



The keyboard-printer was used for inputs of various weapon system controller (WSC) data relating to remote weather, targeting, target and execution cases, pen-aid select, pen-aid interrogation, remote data change, PLC-A, short ALCC hold-off, LF overwrite, memory controller group test and overwrite, WSC test/ overwrite, restart, ground maintenance interrogations, IPD collection, LECG test, and translate switch readout.


Inputs at the keyboard were returned by the WSC to the printer and display for operator verification. The printer was also used by the WSC for output data such as test data, error codes, and when requested by the crew, target and execution plan case data.



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Launch Control Console (Commanders Console)



The launch control console is located at the end of the Launch Control Center (LCC) opposite the entrance, It is the central focal point of the LCC and certainly the most interesting. The console is a desk shaped electronics control console and serves as normal duty station for the missile combat crew commander. The console includes an Alarm-Monitor Panel (AMP), five (5) Launcher Status Missile Indicator Panels (LSMIP), a Launch Control Panel (LCP), a Program Control Panel (PCP), a radio set control group, and a Telephone-Transmitter Control (TTC) Panel.
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Launch Control Facility Processor



The Command Message Processing Group (CMPG) rack is located to the left of the Communications Control Console Deputy Missile Combat Crew Commander (DMCCC) position. The CMPG rack contains two display driver drawers, a digital-to-digital converter drawer, a Launch Verification Panel (LVP), a Signal Data Recorder (SDR) [Printer], a message processing control drawer, and a power supply.
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Launch Control Facility Processor



The Launch Control Facility Processor (LCFP Rack) contained the weapon system computer and memory capability for the LCC.


The LCFP rack contains a Coder–Decoder-Indicator (CDI) drawer, a Memory Controller Group (MCG), and a Weapon System Controller (WSC). The prime function of the CDI Drawer is to provide encryption and decryption of messages at the MAF and to display WSC and secure data unit faults. Encryption and decryption of messages is performed by the secure data unit and & controlled by the WSC.


The Memory Controller Group (MCG) consisted of the controller–synchronizer drawer and the magnetic drum memory unit. The controller–synchronizer drawer provides the electronic interface between the magnetic drum memory unit and the WSC. Targeting data may be inserted into the MCG, manually using the keyboard printer, or by a maintenance team using a magnetic tape and recorder–reproducer.


The Weapon System Controller (WSC) was a general purpose digital computer and consists of the Computer Processor Verifier drawer and the Plated Wire Memory unit drawer. The prime function of the WSC was to control the flow of data within and through the LCC. Operator initiated messages are processed by the WSC, was sent to the Secure Data Unit (SDU) for encryption, and returned to the WSC for transmission. Incoming messages were received by the WSC and were decrypted by the SDU, stored by the WSC, and then forwarded to the consoles for display or to the printer for printout, as applicable. The WSC automatically interrogated its associated LFs in a round-robin sequence, time-shared with other LCCs in the squadron. The WSC also controlled and sequenced target and execution plan calculations and remote data change operations.



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Launch Control Panel



This is where the crew commander inserted the launch key and turned the key to send out a launch command, also known as a “launch vote”. It took a “launch vote” from two different launch control centers to initiate launch of an ICBM. The panel also contained a “War Plan A or B” switch and the “Inhibit Switch”. The War Plan Switch was used to select a specified war plan timing response option. The Inhibit Switch was used to countermand an unauthorized attempt to enable or launch a missile. An Inhibit Command would disenable a missile and/or revoke a single launch vote. If the missile received two authorized launch votes, then the Inhibit Command was ignored and the missile(s) would launch.







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Launch Enable Control Group (LECG)



The LECG provides digital codes for enable test, LECG test and Cancel Launch In Process (CLIP) command. Code insert switches on the face of the LECG panel, combined with outputs from translate switches and a mechanical code unit, both within the panel, provided the enable command secure code for the launching of missiles when actuated.



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Launcher Status Missile Indicator Panel (LSMIP)



Each column of lighted indicators displayed the current status of one Minuteman missile launch facility (underground silo.) From top to bottom, the indicators were:


• Strategic Alert
• Not Authenticated
• Standby
• CLIP commanded (CLIP stands for “Cancel Launch in Process”.)
• Fault
• Warhead Alarm
• Enable Command
• Enabled
• Launch Command
• Launch Inhibit
• Launch in Process
• Missile Away
• Outer Security
• Inner Security
• Anti-Jam Mode
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Life in the LCC



Each Launch Control Center (LCC0 is manned 24-hours per day, 7-days per week, 365-days a year, by a two-person officer launch crew. The crew consists of a Missile Combat Crew Commander (MCCC), usually in the rank of 1st Lieutenant or Captain, and a Deputy Missile Combat Crew Commander (DMCCC), usually in the rank of 2nd Lieutenant or 1st Lieutenant.


Missile crews usually refer to the LCC as “the capsule” because the shape of the LCC walls
resembles a medicinal capsule. Since the crew cannot leave the capsule unattended during the 24-hour alert duty, and at least one crew member has to be awake at all time, the crew takes turns sleeping throughout the 24 hour alert. Therefore, even though there are always at least two people in the capsule, only one is awake and sitting at the console monitoring the missile during a majority of the 24-hour alert.


Although 24-hour alerts are the standard, it is common during the harsh northern tier winters for crews to have to occasionally remain for 48-hours, and sometimes 72-hours, if their relief crew are not able to drive from the main base to their remote locations due to snow and icy road
conditions.
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Mirror



This console was the hub of all information in the launch control center. When the crew commander sat at this console, he/she could not see his/her crew partner sitting about 10 feet behind at the deputy’s console. So, the crew commander would look in a rear-view mirror mounted above the console in order to see his/her crew partner and be able to coordinate commands and the “keyturn”.










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Power Supply Group



The power supply, adjacent to the Launch Control Console, is an electronic equipment rack which contained a battery charger, two regulated dc power supplies, and two circuit breaker panels. The battery charger was a 60 ampere transformer/rectifier unit which developed dc charging voltage from primary LCC power.



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Primary Alerting System (PAS) Panel



Up until 1992, the primary means of receiving a launch order (known as an Emergency Action Message (EAM)) was via voice from the Strategic Air Command (SAC) Headquarters at Offutt AFB in Nebraska. The PAS panel was like an open party telephone line with two speakers – one was a direct PAS line to SAC headquarters and the second was a “backdoor” PAS line that was routed through either the 8th Air Force Headquarters at Barksdale AFB, Louisiana or through the 15th Air Force Headquarters at March AFB, California. If an EAM was about to be received, the missile crews would first hear a warble tone (sounded like “deedle-deedle-deedle-deedle…”) and then that was followed by a SAC controller beginning to read the EAM (for example, “Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, standby…message follows, Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf,…”) The crew would immediately copy down every character of the EAM and then begin decoding the message using their decode books.


Crews would receive numerous “practice” EAMs every day that required them to copy, decode, and determine they were not actual launch orders. The crews also received numerous tests of the PAS circuits throughout the day and night to ensure that PAS was working and could be heard by every launch crew at all times. These PAS tests began with the same warble tone and were followed by the SAC controller stating, “SKYBIRD, this is SAC Headquarters with a test of the Primary Alerting System…all stations acknowledge…out.” Notice there is a red handset on the PAS panel. Only one launch control center (out of 15) in the missile wing had the red phone (that was the alternate command post) and it was used to acknowledge back to SAC headquarters if directed. The other 14 launch control centers were “receive only” on the PAS Panel.



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Program Control Panel



This panel was used to select the flight and the individual missile (or all), and the specific test or command to send to the designated missile.









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Radio Set Control



This panel contains the radio operating controls for the HF and UHF radio equipment. The crew would use this panel to select the appropriate antennas for reception and transmission, and to select the required UHF radio channel or frequency to monitor.





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Shock Isolator



The personnel and equipment in the LCC must be protected from blast overpressure, underground blast shock and seismic disturbances (earthquakes). For these reasons the LCC floor is shock-mounted. The LCC floor is suspended by four pneumatic shock isolators. All isolators have identical but completely independent operation. Compressed air is supplied by a compressor in the Launch Control Equipment Building (LCEB) at 2200 psi, through a one-way check valve and then to each isolator suspension system. Air enters each station through a manifold shutoff valve and is stored in an air storage cylinder. When used, air flows from either source, through a line filter, through a one-way check valve and to the PR1 pressure regulator. Regulated air flow rate is limited by a restricting orifice before the air enters the shock isolator plenum chamber. Check valves and relief valves control the pressure and air flow between the plenum chamber and the actuator.




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Survivable Low Frequency Communications System (SLFCS)



The Survivable Low Frequency Communications System (SLFCS) was used for command-and-control communications (CCC) for Emergency Action Message (EAM) dissemination and force direction. SLFCS was a single channel receive--only capability that was provided at LCCs. The single channel operated between 14 and 60 kHz, to receive commands from remotely located Combat Operations Center Transmit/Receive sites. This low frequency range was only slightly affected by nuclear blasts or meteorological disturbances. The received information was displayed as a printout message at a Teleprinter located over the Deputy’s console position.


SLFCS was indeed survivable and dependable; however its ability to receive and printout messages vas very slow and could take several minutes to receive a complete message. There were two SLFCS Transmitter stations located at Hawes, California and Silvercreek, Nebraska. The two sites featured 1,226 ft tall guyed mast antenna and hardened underground facility used for the Strategic Air Command's AN/FRC-117 Survivable Low Frequency Communications System.
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Telephone Set Repeater Rack



The telephone set repeater was located in each LCC. The rack is-used to house SAC Digital Information Network (SACDIN), Primary Alerting System (PAS), and Emergency War Order (EWO) termination equipment. All LCCs required some terminating equipment for SACDIN and PAS circuits. However, only the Squadron Command Posts required terminating equipment for EWO. The telephone set repeater that served SACDIN and PAS received, equalized, amplified and relayed the alert and execution orders from SAC Headquarters and NAFH directly to each LCC without manual intervention. The telephone set repeater is interconnected with the Electrical Surge Arrestor (ESA) junction box, SACDIN and PAS terminal equipment rack, the launch control console, the communication control console, and the power supply group.
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Telephone Transmitter Controls



This panel was the hub for voice communications in the launch control center. The Deputy Missile Combat Crew Commander (DMCCC) also had this same panel at his/her workstation. Both crew members could use the handset on this panel to make telephone calls; to talk to maintenance teams out at the launch facilities or to their flight security controller stationed topside at their missile alert facility (via direct point-to-point lines); to talk with the other four launch control centers in their squadron (via a “party line”); and to talk and listen on the various voice radio communications systems such as VHF, UHF, and HF radio.






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Telephone-Transmitter Control (TTC) Panel



The TTC was used for communications inter-squadron party-line communication over the Hardened Voice Channel (HVC). HVC was carried over the Hardened Intersite Cable (HICS) system between each of the squadron LCCs and LFs. Voice Communication with the primary LFs in the flight was also possible. The TTC also allowed for dial line phone communication and patching capabilities. HF, VHF, and UHF communication was also executed from the TTC. The TTCs and both the commander’s console and the Deputy’s console station were identical to each other.



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Strategic Air Command (SAC) Digital Network (SACDIN) Communication Rack



The SACDIN is a landline digital communications system that supported command control communications requirements. SACDIN had the capability to deliver EAMs from the source in no more than 15 seconds. SACDIN provided a single point of SACDIN traffic reception and transmission. SACDIN could be considered an early form of the internet.


The SACDIN rack contains nine drawers and a keyboard for data entry. The keyboard, the Visual Display Unit (VDU), and the Line Printer Unit (LPU) comprise the operator warning, advisory, and message I/O interface. The HUTE summary fault unit provides audio/visual warning of most equipment and line faults and control of rack AC line power. The power supply drawer provides the DC power required by the rack equipment. The control electronics drawer performed the central processor (computer) memory, and line control functions. One of the Mass Storage Units mounts a diskette (8- inch Floppy) which provided menus, preformatted message forms, and temporary message storage. The other Mass Storage Unit (MSU) mounts the operating program during IPL and serves as the day--to--day main memory dump file.
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